Hydraulic+engineers

Much the same observations can be made about Taqi Al-Din as those made for Al- Jazari. Nevertheless, taking drawings and text together, it can be said that they fulfilled their declared intention of describing the devices so that they could be reconstructed by their successors. Indeed, the "castle" water clock was reconstructed in the Science Museum, London, for the 1976 World of Islam Festival. It works perfectly, exactly in accordance with Al-Jazari's intention. Recently the Frankfurt Institute of Arab and Islamic History, under the direction of Professor Fuat Sezgin, has constructed small models of a few of Al-Jazari's devices. Our present project also fulfils that aspiration in that all of Al-Jazari's machines as well as those of Taqi Al-Din will be re-constructed by engineering and computer graphics.
 * Taqi Al-Din** was born in Damascus in 1525/6 CE. He died in 1585 in Turkey. His full name was Taqi Al-Din Mohammad bin Ma'aroof bin Ahmad bin Mohammad bin Mohammad bin Ahmad bin Yousef bin Mohammad Al-Shami. He was the son of a judge and he became a judge himself. He was described by his contemporaries as the greatest Scientist / Engineer on earth. He is known to have written 19 books. For details see the book by Prof. A Y Al-Hassan[|**[7**]]. The machines we modelled are described in his book "al-toruq al-saniyah fi al-alat al-rohanyah".


 * THE WORKING PRINCIPLES OF THE MACHINES**

Fig. 1 The reciprocating pump from Al-Jazari's manuscript

(i) The Reciprocating Pump of Al-Jazari This pump, see Fig. 1, was first made by Al-Jazari in 1206. Taqi Al-Din, 1551, also gave a full description of this pump (see Fig. 2) shows a 3D image of this pump as produced from engineering analysis of the details given by Al-Jazari. The pump consists of two opposing copper cylinders each containing a piston. The two pistons are connected through a rod which is pin jointed to a swinging arm pivoted at the base of the pump. The arm is slotted so that a crank pin on a gear wheel causes it to swing with wheel rotation. The wheel is driven by a water wheel or an animal drive. The two cylinders are connected to manifolds with inlet and outlet flap. The flaps act as no return valves.

Fig. 2 3D Image of the reciprocating pump with a water wheel as the drive source

Fig. 3 The six cylinder water pump from Taqi Al-Din's manuscript

(ii) The Six Cylinder Pump of Taqi Al-Din Taqi Al-Din explained how the pump works in his manuscript, see Fig. 3. The input power source is the river and the resultant output is the delivered water head. The river exerts a force on the scoops, which provides the drag force causing the wheel and camshaft to rotate. With rotation of the camshaft, each cam pushes its connecting rod downwards. The connecting rods are pivoted at the centre. The distal end of the connecting rod lifts the lead weight upwards. As the lead weight moves upwards, it pulls the piston with it, creating vacuum which sucks the water through a non return clack valve into the piston cylinder. After the camshaft rotates a certain angle the cam releases the connecting rod. This marks the point where the piston's stroke ends. Thence, the lead weight pushes the piston under gravity forcing against the clack valve. As mentioned earlier, the clack valve closes when the water moves in this direction, so the water is forced to go through the other hole and through the delivery pipes. The synchronisation and control sequence of all the pistons is provided by the angular arrangement of the cams around the shaft.

Fig. 4 3D image of the six cylinder water pump

Fig. 5 The third water raising machine from Al-Jazari's manuscript

(iii) The third water rising machine of Al-Jazari This machine, See Fig. 5, was described in full by Al-Jazari. Fig. 6 shows a 3D image of this machine. Water flows through the inlet pipe into the basin and out on to the scoops turning the water turbine. The rotation is transferred through the cogwheel (gear A), the Lantern (pinion gear B). The rotation is then transmitted via a pillar connected to the upper Lantern and cogwheel which turn the sindi-wheel. The sindi-wheel carries a series of jars connected to ropes. As the jars dip in and out of the water basin they carry water up to the aqueduct.

Fig. 6 3D image of Al-Jazari's third water raising machine